What are hemorrhoids?

Let’s start with what hemorrhoids are. In fact, we are all born with hemorrhoids, and the hemorrhoids that are present in our bodies from birth do not usually cause us any problems. However, in some cases, hemorrhoids can worsen. In this case, we encounter hemorrhoids, which are also known as piles.

Hemorrhoids are swollen and inflamed veins located in the lower part of the rectum or around the anus. This condition typically arises due to constipation caused by a diet high in solid foods, prolonged sitting on the toilet, straining, and lack of physical activity. The enlarged, inflamed veins associated with hemorrhoids can cause discomfort, pain, itching, or bleeding, especially during bowel movements.

Hemorrhoids are more common in people over the age of 45, but can occur in people of all ages. There are generally two different types of hemorrhoids, and pain may occur depending on the type. Although they can be uncomfortable and sometimes cause concern, most hemorrhoids are not dangerous, and types of hemorrhoids that are not in very advanced stages can usually be treated with medical creams or lifestyle changes.

What are the types of hemorrhoids?

Hemorrhoids are swollen veins located around the anus or below the rectum. Hemorrhoid types vary depending on their location and severity. Understanding the type and stage of hemorrhoids is crucial as it will guide the treatment approach.

Hemorrhoids can be categorized as follows:

Internal hemorrhoids: These develop inside the rectum and are usually painless, but may cause bleeding during bowel movements. In more advanced stages, they may protrude from the anus, causing prolapse. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary.
External hemorrhoids: Located under the skin around the anus, these hemorrhoids can cause pain, swelling, itching, and sometimes bleeding. This type of hemorrhoid can usually be treated with ointments and lifestyle changes.
Protruding hemorrhoids: These are internal hemorrhoids that extend outside the anus. Depending on the degree of prolapse, they may retract spontaneously, be pushed back manually, or remain outside.
Thrombosed hemorrhoids: These occur when a blood clot forms inside a hemorrhoid and usually cause severe pain and noticeable swelling. They usually require surgical intervention and should be treated without delay.

What are the symptoms of hemorrhoids?

The symptoms of hemorrhoids vary depending on the type and stage of the hemorrhoid. Some people do not experience any symptoms, while others may experience significant discomfort. In general, the most common symptoms are:

Bleeding, usually seen as bright red blood on toilet paper, in the toilet bowl, or on the stool
Itching or irritation in the anal area
Pain or discomfort, especially with external hemorrhoids (not seen in the early stages of internal hemorrhoids)
Swelling around the anus
A tender or painful lump near the anus (especially with external or thrombosed hemorrhoids)

In cases where hemorrhoids become chronic or more severe, symptoms may interfere with daily life and require medical intervention.

What causes hemorrhoids?

Hemorrhoids usually occur as a result of increased pressure in the lower rectum. This pressure can cause the veins in the anal area to enlarge, swell, and become inflamed. So what triggers this pressure in the anal area that causes hemorrhoids?

The most common causes of hemorrhoids are listed below:

Straining too much while on the toilet
Chronic constipation caused by a diet high in solid foods
Sitting for a long time, especially spending a long time on the toilet
A diet low in fiber, which causes hard stools
Excess weight, which increases pressure on the pelvic veins
Pregnancy, due to hormonal changes and increased pressure on the uterus in the area
Aging, due to the gradual weakening of the tissues supporting the veins in the rectum and anus

In addition, genetic predisposition and a sedentary lifestyle may also play a role in the development of hemorrhoids. In cases of hemorrhoids that have not progressed significantly, treatment can be supported by making changes to the factors listed above.

Which doctor should you see for hemorrhoids?

If you experience persistent or severe hemorrhoid symptoms, you should consult a healthcare professional. The appropriate specialist will be determined after an initial examination. The following specialists can help with hemorrhoid-related complaints.

Family doctor: Family doctors are a good starting point for an initial assessment, diagnosis, and home treatment recommendations.
Gastroenterologist: These doctors specialize in digestive system disorders. They may request advanced diagnostic tests such as colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy, especially if there is rectal bleeding.
Proctologist (colorectal surgeon): These doctors specialize in disorders of the rectum and anus and are usually consulted for more serious or persistent hemorrhoid cases that may require surgical treatment.

It is important to distinguish hemorrhoid symptoms from other diseases as soon as possible. Symptoms of colon cancer, in particular, can manifest as hemorrhoids. Therefore, it is very important to seek medical attention if hemorrhoid symptoms are present.

What are the treatment options for hemorrhoids?

Treatment options for hemorrhoids are planned based on the type of hemorrhoid and the severity of the discomfort it causes. In most cases, especially when started early, conservative, non-surgical methods are quite effective in treatment.

Lifestyle and dietary changes: Increasing fiber intake, drinking plenty of fluids, avoiding straining during bowel movements, engaging in regular physical activity, and losing excess weight can significantly reduce symptoms.
Topical treatments: Over-the-counter creams, ointments, and suppositories can help relieve pain, itching, and inflammation.
Sitz baths: Sitting in warm water for 10–15 minutes several times a day, especially after bowel movements, can help soothe the anal area.
Minimally invasive procedures: If symptoms persist, your doctor may recommend rubber band ligation, sclerotherapy, or infrared coagulation to shrink or remove the hemorrhoid.
Surgical treatments: For large or persistent hemorrhoids, surgical removal (hemorrhoidectomy) or stapled hemorrhoidopexy may be necessary.

Depending on the situation, a combination of these methods may be necessary. Your doctor will determine the appropriate treatment plan based on the diagnosis.

What helps with hemorrhoids?

In addition to the treatment your doctor prescribes, you can also contribute to the healing process by making some lifestyle changes. The main ways to help relieve discomfort and prevent recurrence are listed below:

Eat a diet rich in fiber: Eating plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes softens the stool and promotes regular bowel movements.
Increase your fluid intake: Drinking enough water reduces the risk of constipation, which can aggravate hemorrhoids.
Avoid sitting for long periods or straining: Especially avoid doing this on the toilet, as it can increase pressure in the rectal veins and trigger hemorrhoids.
Practice good hygiene: Gently clean the anal area with water or a moist wipe after each bowel movement.
Apply a cold compress: Applying a cold compress to the anal area can reduce swelling and pain.
Try natural remedies: Witch hazel, aloe vera, and other mild, anti-inflammatory substances may provide relief when applied topically.

If symptoms do not improve with home care, it is important to seek medical attention for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.

Prepared by Aktif International Hospital Editorial Board .

Publication Date: 24 October 2025 Friday - Last Updated: 24 October 2025 Friday

What causes hemorrhoids (piles)? What helps with hemorrhoids?